Soil particle loss can occur through biodegradation, erosion and dissolution. Yet there is little understanding of the mechanical changes that accompany these phenomena, especially where the size of particle removed is concerned. This study investigated the influence of particle…
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The evolutionary history of archosauromorphs is of particular interest because it includes the origins of two of the best-known and most distinctive extant tetrapod groups: crocodylians and birds. In this thesis, the anatomy, taxonomy and systematics of the Permo-Triassic non-ar…
The origin of high elevation topography at so-called “passive” continental margins and their interior hinterlands has been an outstanding question in geoscience for decades. An important step towards answering this question is to improve our understanding of the response of the …
Water supplies have been meeting strict experiments all over the world and the tendencies of reducing precipitations and rising temperatures in the arid and semi-arid of the Middle-East region (such as Iran) aggravate this condition during the last few decades. A proper water pl…
The aim of this research was to provide a basis for quantifying the ability of red sandstone to oxidise dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and determine if results of experiments on synthetic minerals can be applied to geological materials. Ascorbic acid (H\(_2\)A) was used as a pr…
The principles of archaeomagnetism can be applied to answer archaeological and geomagnetic questions and examples of both are presented in this thesis. Firstly, this thesis demonstrates the use of archaeomagnetism to establish the maximum palaeotemperature reached in a kiln at t…
Recent hydrocarbon exploration in the Egyptian northern Western Desert and the Gulf of Suez have revealed relatively rich hydrocarbon accumulations, mainly of gas, and demonstrates promising future prospects. In order to improve our understanding of these areas and to provide a …
The Emet borate deposits are shown to be older and mineralogically more complex than previously thought. They are considered to have formed within the muds of separate or interconnected playa lakes, in areas of volcanic and seismic activity, fed partly by thermal springs and par…
The aim of this thesis was (i) to develop analytical methodologies and a workflow to identify the ocean-continent transition (OCT) and to locate the continent-ocean crustal and lithosphere boundaries (COCB and COLB) at continental rifted margins and (ii) to apply these methodolo…
The magnitudes and pathways of sand transport in Chioggia Inlet, southern Venice Lagoon, and the resulting morphological evolution have been investigated. Bathymetric analysis has established that there is a net export of sediment from the southern Lagoon Basin, and that signifi…
Submarine mud volcanism is an important pathway for transfer of deep-sourced fluids enriched in hydrocarbons and other elements into the ocean. Mud volcanoes (MVs) occur in abundance on all oceanic plate margins, so fluxes of methane (CH4) and other chemical constituents from mu…
Over the last decade, marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM), sub-seabed imaging has developed to a state where routine resistivity mapping of hydrocarbon reservoirs is now possible. Co-located marine seismic and electrical resistivity survey data could provide the engi…
The late Palaeocene to late Eocene period of Earth's history is characterised by remarkable change. Temperate ice free poles at the beginning of this period gradually cooled until permanent ice formed on Antarctica around 33.5 million years before present (Ma) and sea ice formed…
Internal waves in the ocean are the principal generators of mixing in the abyssal ocean and regions of rough topography. The present research work diagnoses the influence of internal wave activity over the Continental slope in the Gulf of Cadiz. Mediterranean Outflow (MOW) and N…
Sub-volcanic intrusive networks, of which cone sheets are recognised as a major constituent, control volcano growth and eruption style. The accepted cone sheet model is that these confocally dipping intrusions originate from an unexposed central magma chamber through dip-paralle…
Natural aquatic colloids (solids with dimensions between 1 nm and 1 micron) were studied in cave waters that feed secondary carbonates [speleothems]. Results show that during hydrologically quiescent periods, trace metal (Tr) binding (e.g. Cu, Ni, Co) is dominated by humic-like,…