Thesiss

Quality measures fit within a triangle linking the care process, equipment and infrastructure, and outcomes. A fundamental aim in promoting structural and process quality is to improve health outcomes—although few studies have demonstrated that quality care positively affects he…

Background: Substantial variation exists between ethnicities in both birth weight and the prevalence of obesity-related non-communicable diseases (OR-NCDs). South Asians, who display a reduced birth weight and increased risk of developing these OR-NCDS, have been the focus of mu…

The aims of this study were: (a) to estimate the umbilical cord blood lead levels (BLLs) of Pakistani neonates; (b) to identify determinants for umbilical BLLs among neonates; (c) to evaluate the association of cord BLLs and low birth weigth (LBW) in Karachi Pakistan. We conduct…

High parity (HP) refers to having 5 or more pregnancies of ≥20 weeks of gestation. While HP is rarely seen in developed countries, it is still common in many developing countries. HP is especially common in Arab countries where having a big family is the common preference. Based…

Background. A growing fetus must receive all of its nutrients from the mother, and two major biologic factors in facilitating nutrient transfer are the expansion of plasma volume (for blood flow) and placental size. Plasma volume, along with its larger components, extracellular …