Military personnel are at a higher risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection through military deployments, assignments to high incidence countries, and close contact with refugees and prisoners of war. Service members are routinely tested; those with active TB or latent tuberculosis i…
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Iron deficiency anaemia is associated with several ill-health effects. Its treatment and/or control with iron preparations in malaria endemic areas has, however, been implicated to increase host susceptibility to malaria infection. Scientific evidence accumulated to date remains…
Hip replacement surgery has experienced a dramatic evolution in recent years supported by the latest developments in many areas of technology and surgical procedures. Unfortunately complications that follow hip replacement surgery remains the most challenging dilemma faced both …
Immune activation is generally acknowledged to be costly. These costs are frequently assumed to result from trade-offs arising due to the reallocation of resources from other life-history traits to be invested in immunity. Here, I investigated the energetic basis of the costs as…
Infection after trauma complicates the patients clinical course. Infection leads to longer critical care and hospital stays, has been associated with increased mortality rates and places considerable cost pressures on health economies. The predictors of infection after severe in…
Household contact is known to be a risk factor for transmission of many infections, and the magnitude of such contact-associated risk is a classic measure of transmissibility. The risk associated with household contact may be underestimated due to misclassification of contact st…
Objective. Little is known about the association of drug use behaviors and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HIV and the factors associated with the transition from non-injection to injection drug use in Pakistan. The main aims of this dissertation research were to: (1) iden…