While diving, seals are repeatedly exposed to hypoxemia and ischemia/reperfusion. While on land, seals experience sleep apnea and prolonged periods of absolute food and water deprivation. Prolonged fasting, sleep apnea, hypoxemia and ischemia/reperfusion increase oxidant product…
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Immune activation is generally acknowledged to be costly. These costs are frequently assumed to result from trade-offs arising due to the reallocation of resources from other life-history traits to be invested in immunity. Here, I investigated the energetic basis of the costs as…
In order to meet their energy budget animals must often increase their risk of predation, either through their choice of foraging location or by decreasing anti-predation behaviours, which are incompatible with foraging. I investigated the starvation-predation risk trade-off in …