Background: There is evidence suggesting a relationship between physical activity and movement skills in adolescents. Evidence, primarily from animal and older adult data, suggests that physical activity can improve cognitive function. Both motor and cognitive function are essen…
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A model is a very helpful tool to describe, interpret and explain the behaviour of a highly complex system such as the human respiratory system. The research work presented in this thesis is concerned with the development of a nonlinear dynamic simulation model of the respirator…
Exercising muscle needs a constant supply of oxygen for the aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate and fat, and regulation of the blood supply to muscle during exercise is therefore critical. Heart rate, stroke volume and minute ventilation all increase during exercise, and sympathe…
The extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathway is involved in the control of different biological processes such as survival, proliferation and differentiation. In PC12 cells, the ERK signalling pathway integrates different external stimuli: epidermal growth factor …
Conduction abnormalities affect prognosis in chronic heart failure (CHF). Previous investigators have observed abnormal delay in atrioventricular (AV) conduction in a rabbit model of left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) due to apical myocardial infarction. In this model, AV conduc…
Cachexia is a prognostically important development in patients with heart failure. The most commonly used definition of cardiac cachexia is loss of a percentage of body weight over time. Muscle wasting has been assumed to be the major contributor to this weight loss, and cytokin…
The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of environmental conditions, particularly unpredictable or potentially negative ones, on the maternal transmission of the primary avian stress hormone, corticosterone, to developing embryos. We currently lack information…
Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a rare but devastating illness which results in progressive right ventricular (RV) failure and early death. RV function determines survival in all patients with PH but it is difficult to measure accurately using existing clinical techniques. The ch…
Mutations in proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), an X-linked gene causes Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) in humans. The most frequent cause of PMD is the duplication of PLP1, which encodes the major myelin membrane protein of the human CNS. The #66 transgenic mice with extra copies…
Cellular senescence is an end point of a signal transduction programme leading to irreversible cell cycle arresst accompanied by characteristic alterations to cell morphology, biochemical properties and gene expression profile. This phenotype can be triggered by a variety of sti…
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease which results from increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. If untreated it leads to right ventricular failure and death. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been implicated in the di…
Animals may adopt a range of energy strategies to persist and perhaps prosper under various prevailing environmental conditions. For example, they may achieve similar growth by investing heavily in maintaining a high capacity food capture and processing system or by using a lowe…
One of the salient features of the human cochlea is the incredible dynamic range it possesses—the loudest bearable sound is 10,000,000 times greater than the softest detectable sound; this is in part due to an active process. More than twelve thousand hairlike cells known as out…
A considerable amount of work has been conducted developing exposure estimate models for quantitative evaluation of Hg intake and human health risks, but few have assessed the applicability and the validity for evaluating the risks posed by Hg in the environment and have achieve…
Environmental statistics are known to be important factors shaping our perceptual system. The visual and auditory systems have evolved to be effcient for processing natural images or speech. The com- mon characteristics between natural images and speech are that they are both hi…
Deficits in awareness are found in diseases of ageing, and with acute and traumatic brain injury. Despite investigations of awareness in ageing patient populations, little is known about any potential effects of normal ageing on awareness. The Hierarchies of Processing model (St…
Gait recognition algorithms are being increasingly widely researched, however a common assumption is that the subject will be presented side on to the camera. In practice it may not be possible to capture data from this view, so a useful gait recognition algorithm will have to p…
The most studied region in the mammalian brain for multisensory integration is the deep superior colliculus (DSC). Neurophysiological experiments have revealed many response properties of DSC neurons, such as cross-modal enhancement (CME) and sub-additive/additive/super-additive…
Many Royal Marine recruits are plagued by physical injuries during the arduous 32 week training course at Commando Training Centre. Not all recruits recover from their injuries; some choose to leave the rehabilitation unit prematurely. Furthermore, some recruits experience unnec…