The effect of changing anthropogenic mercury emissions on marine wildlife is of broad interest. Methylmercury can cause reproductive and neurological damage and biomagnifies in food webs. Mercury availability in the Pacific Ocean has been increasing and therefore could be expect…
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Stormwater ponds, a form of stormwater management, is fundamental for flood control and prevention of erosion around natural bodies of water. Stormwater infrastructure is heavily underfunded in Ontario; due to this, storm ponds do not undergo chemical analysis until they are sch…
Ground-level ozone and atmospheric fine particles (PM 2.5 ) have been recognized as critical air pollutants that act as important contributors to the toxicity of anthropogenic air pollution in urban areas. To limit the adverse impacts on public health and ecosystems of ground-le…
Background: Over 200 million individuals worldwide are chronically exposed to arsenic (As) in drinking water at concentrations above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 10 μg/L. Arsenic exposure is of particular concern in Bangladesh, where it is estimated that 35-7…
Childhood stunting remains a significant public health challenge with adverse developmental and health outcomes in life and over generations. Efficacious dietary interventions have not achieved full linear growth in height deficient children. This dissertation explores novel cau…
Black carbon (BC) is the highly graphitized byproduct of incomplete combustion that could be a sink for fixed carbon. Little data is currently available for BC concentrations and fluxes to remote marine environments and there are often great discrepancies between model simulatio…
Background: In the country of Bangladesh, arsenic (As) exposure and high plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia; HHcys) are widely prevalent. An estimated 35-77 million people in Bangladesh are exposed to As above the World Health Organization standard of 10 μg/L, while a cro…
This thesis assesses particulate matter (PM) exposure in the largest city in Eastern Indonesia, where there has been a lack of air quality monitoring. The efficacy of wearing masks was also examined as an individual intervention effort to reduce PM exposures. Handheld particulat…
This qualitative study described and compared the cognitive apprehensions regarding drinking water quality (DW) in Muncie, Indiana, USA. The comparison was between two different, culturally elite groups using constructive-grounded theory. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were…
The statistical association between increased exposure to air pollution and increased risk of morbidity and mortality is well established. However, documentation of the health benefits of lowering air pollution levels, which would support the biological plausibility of those pas…
Diarrheal diseases are still a leading cause of child mortality in less developed countries. In the past three decades, in an effort to reduce the transmission of diarrheal diseases, millions of tubewells have been installed as a way to provide safe drinking water in Bangladesh.…
Vegetation plays an important role in regulating the health of urban ecosystems (Sanders, 2004; Jim, 2004). Riparian zones, parks, nature reserves, and other forms of urban vegetation help minimize atmospheric and hydrologic pollution and reduce the urban heat island effect (Wen…
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have been the most commonly used insecticides in the world for the past 30 years, with chlorpyrifos being the most studied and most commonly used OP. However, the past decade has seen a decline in the use of OPs, due to the increasing risk of a…
Acute respiratory infections, including pneumonia and influenza-like illness, are the leading cause of death in children under five years old worldwide and in Bangladesh. Acute respiratory infections disproportionately affect poor children, to whom pharmaceutical-based intervent…
The aims of the work reported in this thesis are: (1) To investigate the application of a Wave Analysis Approach in the study of the acoustics of small rooms where the conditions for a Geometrical Statistical Analysis are not valid.
The impact of environmental degradation on well-being is largely ignored in terms of economic costs of development. Due in large part to measurement difficulties, the environment in the daily welfare of the world's poorest remains inadequately accounted for in development polici…
Several studies have found positive effects of vitamin A supplementation on intestinal permeability in infants but little information is available about the etiology of altered intestinal permeability in adults. It is also uncertain whether consumption of foods with high beta-ca…
Achieving agricultural sustainability has become a high priority to ensure society’s current and future food needs without compromising ecosystem health, economic profitability, and human well-being. Organic agriculture has been proposed as an alternative to conventional farming…