Secondary bacterial superinfections have been a significant source of debilitating morbidity and mortality outcomes during both seasonal influenza outbreaks and historical pandemics. As many as 40% of those infected with influenza that develop a secondary bacterial infection suc…
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Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CVD mainly comprise of coronary heart disease and stroke and were ranked first and fourth respectively amongst leading causes of death in the United States. Influenza (flu) caus…
This thesis consists of two studies pertaining to the evolution and genomic signatures of viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that have a great impact on human, animal and plant health. The first study involves the human infecting Influenza A H5N1 viruses. H5N1…
In response to the threat of pandemic flu outbreaks, emerging novel influenza surveillance systems, such as syndromic surveillance, now utilize pre-diagnostic data to monitor flu activities. Biases due to the changes in health related behavior, and the background noise caused by…
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential role of proteolytic bacteria in the exacerbation of avian influenza (AI) infections in poultry. Initially, numerous proteolytic bacteria were recovered from tracheal swabs of chickens and turkeys. Six proteolytic bacteria…
Two H13 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were characterized using the intracranial pathogenicity index technique and by measuring viral replication after oculonasal inoculation of chicks, poults, and ducklings. The H13N2 isolates were non-pathogenic in chickens, replicated in turk…
A Stochastic Monte Carlo simulation model using epidemiological and economic data from several data sources was developed to examine the net return to influenza vaccination measured in terms of net present value (NPV), benefit/cost ratio (B/C ratio) and incremental cost-effectiv…
The influenza A virus non-structural (NS1) protein is multifunctional, and during virus-infection NS1 interacts with several factors in order to manipulate host-cell processes. This study reports that NS1 binds directly to p85β, a regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase …
The research described in this dissertation sought to estimate the seroprevalence of antibodies against avian influenza viruses (AI), avian pneumovirus (aMPV), and avian hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) among individuals with occupational exposure to turkeys. It also sought to …
Continuous surveillance of influenza becomes important considering the economic, epidemic and pandemic implications of influenza infections. This study details phylogenetic & molecular analysis of the genes of four swine influenza viruses isolated from humans in Alma-Ata, Kazakh…
Influenza A viruses cause substantial annual morbidity and mortality in the form of endemic or 'seasonal' epidemics and occasionally, pandemic viruses cause startling spikes in mortality such as in 1918. To date we lack the ability to predict the emergence of pandemic strains or…
Influenza A virus causes disease across a broad host range including avian and mammalian species. Most influenza viruses are found in wild aquatic birds, are of low consequence and refrain from zoonotic transmission. However, some strains occasionally cross the species barrier, …
HPAI H5N1 is considered endemic in Indonesian poultry and poses a major challenge to animal and human health authorities. Although the Indonesian government formulated policies to manage the threats and consequences of HPAI, this approach was not holistic due to limited resource…
Published in 1992, “The osteological paradox: problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples” highlighted the limitations of interpreting population health from archaeological skeletal samples. The authors drew the attention of the bioarchaeological community to …
Multiple subtypes of influenza viruses have circulated throughout human history and people are infected with more than one influenza virus during their lifetimes. H2N2 influenza viruses infected humans in the past, but have not circulated between people since 1968. One objective…
Zoonotic diseases, diseases that can be transmitted between humans and animals which account for the majority of emerging infectious diseases, pose a consistent health burden on the human population. Transmission of zoonotic pathogens is driven by a complex interface between hum…
Geçmiş yüzyılın en büyük halk sağlığı başarısı olarak tanımlanan bağışıklama hizmetleri sayesinde milyonlarca bebeğin hastalanması, sakat kalması veya ölümü engellenmektedir. Aşıların ilk kullanıma sunulması ile kendini gösteren aşı karşıtlığı son yıllarda iyice artmış durumdadı…